1 00:00:06,400 --> 00:00:11,320 In 1543, a father wrote a secret letter of wise advice 2 00:00:11,320 --> 00:00:13,800 for his teenage son. 3 00:00:13,800 --> 00:00:16,880 "Always follow God's will," he wrote. 4 00:00:16,880 --> 00:00:19,800 "Don't take decisions in anger, 5 00:00:19,800 --> 00:00:24,600 "and don't have too much sex. It can damage your health." 6 00:00:24,600 --> 00:00:27,520 This was no ordinary father and son. 7 00:00:27,520 --> 00:00:33,320 The father was Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. 8 00:00:33,320 --> 00:00:38,520 And the son, Philip II, would be the champion of Catholicism, 9 00:00:38,520 --> 00:00:41,440 the ruler of a world empire 10 00:00:41,440 --> 00:00:46,760 and King of Spain at the very apogee of its golden age. 11 00:00:49,480 --> 00:00:52,680 Philip saw himself as more than just a ruler. 12 00:00:52,680 --> 00:00:56,960 There was no limit to his ambitions for Catholicism and Spain. 13 00:00:58,400 --> 00:01:01,720 He built this forbidding palace as the projection 14 00:01:01,720 --> 00:01:03,680 of his sacred mission. 15 00:01:03,680 --> 00:01:07,720 San Lorenzo de El Escorial - the headquarters of a king 16 00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:10,000 who married one English queen 17 00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:12,920 and sent an armada against another, 18 00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:17,320 whose enduring legacy to Spain is its capital, Madrid, 19 00:01:17,320 --> 00:01:21,000 and on whose global empire the sun never set. 20 00:01:22,560 --> 00:01:25,320 For seven centuries, Spain was a Roman province. 21 00:01:26,680 --> 00:01:29,720 For another seven centuries, it was Muslim. 22 00:01:29,720 --> 00:01:35,440 Its reconquest in the name of Christendom lasted 300 bloody years. 23 00:01:37,720 --> 00:01:39,360 In this final episode, 24 00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:44,640 I'll take you from Spain's magnificent pinnacle under Philip II, 25 00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:48,160 through its decline, to its conquest by Napoleon, 26 00:01:48,160 --> 00:01:52,040 its vicious civil war fought over by Hitler and Stalin, 27 00:01:52,040 --> 00:01:56,280 right up to General Franco's dictatorship and today's democracy. 28 00:01:59,880 --> 00:02:04,440 God, gold and glory, beauty and death. 29 00:02:04,440 --> 00:02:07,840 This is the story of how Spain was made. 30 00:02:18,960 --> 00:02:20,920 Philip II was born in 1527 31 00:02:22,160 --> 00:02:25,560 in the city of Valladolid, northern Spain. 32 00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:30,160 His parents were Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal. 33 00:02:31,600 --> 00:02:34,960 Though their empire stretched across Europe and America, 34 00:02:34,960 --> 00:02:38,160 they ruled on the move with no permanent capital, 35 00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:41,320 but they often stayed in Valladolid 36 00:02:41,320 --> 00:02:45,280 in this small palace belonging to the Pimentel family. 37 00:02:47,320 --> 00:02:50,720 In 1527, in a small room upstairs, 38 00:02:50,720 --> 00:02:55,560 Empress Isabella endured 13 hours of labour. 39 00:02:55,560 --> 00:02:59,080 When a kindly lady-in-waiting suggested that she scream 40 00:02:59,080 --> 00:03:02,520 to relieve the pain, she replied regally, 41 00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:06,600 "I shall not scream. I would rather die than make any noise." 42 00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:11,480 His mother died when he was 12. 43 00:03:11,480 --> 00:03:14,760 His father was always away fighting. 44 00:03:14,760 --> 00:03:18,320 He loved dancing, painting, he loved flirting. 45 00:03:18,320 --> 00:03:20,240 Yet, Philip's vision was clear. 46 00:03:20,240 --> 00:03:22,720 He was God's vice-regent on Earth 47 00:03:22,720 --> 00:03:25,880 in the service of the monarchy and Catholicism. 48 00:03:25,880 --> 00:03:31,120 In 1554, his father, the Emperor, asked him to make a dutiful marriage 49 00:03:31,120 --> 00:03:35,560 to gain yet another kingdom for God and the Habsburgs. 50 00:03:35,560 --> 00:03:36,840 It was England. 51 00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:42,520 Philip's English bride was Queen Mary, 52 00:03:42,520 --> 00:03:46,000 the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. 53 00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:48,120 She was nicknamed "Bloody Mary" 54 00:03:48,120 --> 00:03:52,600 because of her fervent execution of Protestant heretics. 55 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:56,120 For Spain and Catholicism it was a favourable match. 56 00:03:57,600 --> 00:04:00,560 The contract was negotiated before the couple met 57 00:04:00,560 --> 00:04:02,600 and Philip was disappointed when they did. 58 00:04:03,840 --> 00:04:09,760 She was squinty, pale, paunchy and plain, and missing a few teeth, 59 00:04:09,760 --> 00:04:14,520 but she was thrilled with her gold-bearded young husband king. 60 00:04:14,520 --> 00:04:17,080 Their wedding night was so energetic 61 00:04:17,080 --> 00:04:20,720 that she spent four days afterwards resting in bed. 62 00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:27,200 She wept when Philip finally left England for the Continent. 63 00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:33,080 Philip, now King of England, spent months there encouraging 64 00:04:33,080 --> 00:04:35,360 Mary's restoration of Catholicism, 65 00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:37,600 her persecution of the Protestants 66 00:04:37,600 --> 00:04:41,320 and trying to father a Catholic heir. 67 00:04:41,320 --> 00:04:45,080 Both knew that they needed a child of this marriage who would then 68 00:04:45,080 --> 00:04:47,080 inherit England. 69 00:04:47,080 --> 00:04:50,160 Finally, she believed that she was pregnant. 70 00:04:50,160 --> 00:04:54,160 Her belly swelled, but tragically it was a false pregnancy 71 00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:57,720 and probably the beginning of the cancer of the stomach 72 00:04:57,720 --> 00:04:59,320 that later killed her. 73 00:05:01,680 --> 00:05:04,760 Mary died in 1558. 74 00:05:04,760 --> 00:05:08,760 According to their marriage contract, Philip ceased to be King of England 75 00:05:08,760 --> 00:05:11,400 and the throne passed to Mary's half-sister, 76 00:05:11,400 --> 00:05:12,920 the Protestant Elizabeth. 77 00:05:15,160 --> 00:05:18,560 For Philip, England was unfinished business. 78 00:05:20,960 --> 00:05:23,640 Yet, his focus was already global. 79 00:05:23,640 --> 00:05:29,360 He ruled Spain as regent until in 1556 his father, Charles V, 80 00:05:29,360 --> 00:05:32,240 gout-ridden and weary, abdicated. 81 00:05:33,800 --> 00:05:37,280 At 29, Philip became Philip II of Spain, 82 00:05:37,280 --> 00:05:43,040 the Netherlands, Milan, Sicily, Naples and the New World. 83 00:05:43,040 --> 00:05:45,240 It was the greatest empire on Earth. 84 00:05:47,280 --> 00:05:50,480 This burden lay heavy on Philip's shoulders. 85 00:05:50,480 --> 00:05:52,760 Yet, his ambitions were limitless. 86 00:05:52,760 --> 00:05:55,720 He called himself the Prudent King, 87 00:05:55,720 --> 00:05:58,640 and was determined to rule in his own way. 88 00:06:02,240 --> 00:06:05,520 I'm travelling a few miles from Philip's birthplace 89 00:06:05,520 --> 00:06:07,400 to the castle of Simancas. 90 00:06:11,960 --> 00:06:14,360 Behind its ancient stone walls, 91 00:06:14,360 --> 00:06:18,080 Philip preserved the means by which a prudent king 92 00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:19,920 should rule a great empire. 93 00:06:21,120 --> 00:06:22,400 With paper. 94 00:06:24,400 --> 00:06:26,240 Philip ruled from his desk. 95 00:06:27,440 --> 00:06:32,840 As one chronicler wrote, "He could make the world spin from his seat." 96 00:06:34,880 --> 00:06:39,200 Today, Simancas houses 14 miles of royal documents. 97 00:06:41,920 --> 00:06:45,680 The archive director, Julia Rodriguez de Diego, 98 00:06:45,680 --> 00:06:49,000 has pulled out some of Philip's personal papers. 99 00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:54,040 They reveal his driving obsession to control an empire so vast 100 00:06:54,040 --> 00:06:57,520 that it might spin out of control at any time. 101 00:06:57,520 --> 00:07:00,200 It's truly awesome to be here in the presence 102 00:07:00,200 --> 00:07:03,160 of some actual letters of Philip II. 103 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:07,760 So, you know him so well. What sort of man was he? 104 00:07:07,760 --> 00:07:09,560 IN SPANISH 105 00:07:29,240 --> 00:07:32,040 Philip also crossed things out in these letters, 106 00:07:32,040 --> 00:07:34,040 corrected spelling mistakes, 107 00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:37,320 and in this case here, he's actually cut out a section. 108 00:07:37,320 --> 00:07:39,080 What's going on in this letter? 109 00:07:56,680 --> 00:07:59,560 So what do you think this naughty young priest had done? 110 00:08:14,080 --> 00:08:18,760 Micromanagement was one way that Philip kept a tight control 111 00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:21,960 on the sinews of so many kingdoms. 112 00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:25,760 In 1561, this sensible manager saw that his government 113 00:08:25,760 --> 00:08:28,760 needed a centre, just like other monarchs in Europe. 114 00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:33,560 Madrid... 115 00:08:36,480 --> 00:08:40,800 ..now a grand European city and Spain's capital. 116 00:08:43,960 --> 00:08:46,880 It's Philip's most enduring legacy 117 00:08:46,880 --> 00:08:49,440 and for him, a permanent seat of government. 118 00:08:52,240 --> 00:08:56,920 Until Philip, the capital of Spain had really been where the King was, 119 00:08:56,920 --> 00:09:00,320 but now he decided Madrid should be the capital, 120 00:09:00,320 --> 00:09:03,680 a formal capital in the middle of the country, 121 00:09:03,680 --> 00:09:06,080 just as a heart is located in the middle of the body. 122 00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:14,040 At the time, Madrid was a provincial backwater of narrow, squalid lanes. 123 00:09:15,920 --> 00:09:19,400 Yet, for Philip, its very insignificance was its strength. 124 00:09:19,400 --> 00:09:23,240 Away from the vested interests of conspiring grandees, 125 00:09:23,240 --> 00:09:26,480 he would rule through his own ministers. 126 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:31,080 This map is the first map ever made of Madrid from 1656, 127 00:09:31,080 --> 00:09:33,120 almost a century later. 128 00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:35,200 I'm here in the Plaza Mayor. 129 00:09:35,200 --> 00:09:38,160 Planned by Philip and built by his son, 130 00:09:38,160 --> 00:09:41,000 it's still right at the heart of the Spanish capital. 131 00:09:44,000 --> 00:09:47,360 Less than a century after the last of the Islamic rulers 132 00:09:47,360 --> 00:09:49,600 were driven out of Spain, 133 00:09:49,600 --> 00:09:55,800 Philip possessed the political acumen fit for the king of a golden age. 134 00:09:55,800 --> 00:10:00,480 And now he wished to create a palace that radiated his faith and power. 135 00:10:02,400 --> 00:10:06,280 He chose a site at the foot of the Guadarrama mountains, 136 00:10:06,280 --> 00:10:07,920 north-west of Madrid. 137 00:10:12,400 --> 00:10:16,640 And this is it - San Lorenzo de El Escorial. 138 00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:22,560 This place is called Philip's Seat, 139 00:10:22,560 --> 00:10:24,880 and the king actually used to come up here 140 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:29,040 and oversee the construction of his beloved Escorial. 141 00:10:29,040 --> 00:10:32,240 He wanted it to be the eighth Wonder of the World, 142 00:10:32,240 --> 00:10:36,080 and, being Philip, he micromanaged every detail, 143 00:10:36,080 --> 00:10:39,560 writing hundreds of memos to his poor architects. 144 00:10:39,560 --> 00:10:43,200 In one case, he started to worry about where the lavatories would be. 145 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:46,480 "I wonder if bad smells will emanate from these holes," 146 00:10:46,480 --> 00:10:48,280 he wrote to the architect. 147 00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:52,040 "Are they too close to the kitchens? Send me the plans again." 148 00:10:52,040 --> 00:10:57,120 For Philip, the Devil was in the details, God even more so. 149 00:11:01,480 --> 00:11:05,160 El Escorial was simultaneously political headquarters, 150 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:08,920 dynastic mausoleum, personal library 151 00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:12,120 and cathedral monastery, 152 00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:16,040 its design a vast gridiron, to commemorate the one 153 00:11:16,040 --> 00:11:21,000 on which Philip's favourite saint, San Lorenzo, was martyred, 154 00:11:21,000 --> 00:11:24,600 its splendour to emulate the Temple of Solomon. 155 00:11:27,240 --> 00:11:29,800 Its magnificence embodies Philip's role 156 00:11:29,800 --> 00:11:32,040 as champion of Catholicism on Earth. 157 00:11:33,200 --> 00:11:37,200 "God's work and mine," he said, "are the same thing." 158 00:11:37,200 --> 00:11:39,800 If there's one building that came to symbolise 159 00:11:39,800 --> 00:11:43,120 the glory of Imperial Spain, it's this one. 160 00:11:53,800 --> 00:12:00,200 Philip II's Hall of Battles really gives you an idea of his world-view, 161 00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:05,760 his need for magnificence, his Catholic mission. 162 00:12:05,760 --> 00:12:10,320 Looking at this, you get a grasp of how Philip saw himself 163 00:12:10,320 --> 00:12:12,720 and how he saw the world. 164 00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:16,200 Although he only saw battle once, as a young prince, 165 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:20,280 Philip was a supreme warlord, commanding the best armies in Europe. 166 00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:27,120 In his 42-year reign, there was just six months of peace. 167 00:12:27,120 --> 00:12:30,240 Now the empire reached its greatest extent, 168 00:12:30,240 --> 00:12:32,960 including the Philippines, named after him, 169 00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:37,160 and through his mother, he added Portugal and its far-flung empire. 170 00:12:37,160 --> 00:12:41,600 This painting here in the Hall of Battles shows his fleet 171 00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:44,080 taking the Portuguese Azores. 172 00:12:44,080 --> 00:12:49,160 He now had 50 million citizens under his control. 173 00:12:49,160 --> 00:12:55,800 Truly, one could say, that "Non sufficit orbis," his motto - 174 00:12:55,800 --> 00:12:58,160 a world is not enough. 175 00:13:01,840 --> 00:13:04,400 As his armies marched across the globe 176 00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:08,000 he committed himself to war on several fronts. 177 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:10,760 His first duty was to fight the infidel. 178 00:13:10,760 --> 00:13:14,840 In 1571, Philip put together a holy alliance, 179 00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:19,520 which annihilated the Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Lepanto. 180 00:13:19,520 --> 00:13:22,400 Yet, the biggest threat didn't come from Islam. 181 00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:24,840 It came from within Christendom itself... 182 00:13:26,520 --> 00:13:30,240 ..the tide of Protestantism sweeping Europe. 183 00:13:30,240 --> 00:13:34,840 The greatest crisis, the weeping sore of his entire reign, 184 00:13:34,840 --> 00:13:38,080 was the revolt of the Protestant Dutch. 185 00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:39,840 He tried to crush them 186 00:13:39,840 --> 00:13:43,040 but everything failed and the revolt went on. 187 00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:47,520 Ultimately, the war against the Dutch Protestants would lead 188 00:13:47,520 --> 00:13:50,080 to a greater war against England. 189 00:13:52,720 --> 00:13:55,480 In the island kingdom where he'd once been king, 190 00:13:55,480 --> 00:13:59,640 Queen Elizabeth defiantly undid all Mary's work. 191 00:13:59,640 --> 00:14:04,120 She promoted Protestantism in growing opposition to Philip. 192 00:14:04,120 --> 00:14:08,360 She funded his rebellious Protestant subjects in the Low Countries. 193 00:14:08,360 --> 00:14:11,120 Her ships plundered Spanish colonies and fleets. 194 00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:16,240 Philip had suggested marrying Elizabeth of England 195 00:14:16,240 --> 00:14:19,360 but now he decided to kill her. 196 00:14:19,360 --> 00:14:23,600 He declared her a tyrant and ordered her assassination or capture 197 00:14:23,600 --> 00:14:28,440 and her replacement by her Catholic cousin, Mary Queen of Scots. 198 00:14:28,440 --> 00:14:33,000 For almost 20 years he planned to send an armada, a fleet, 199 00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:38,520 to conquer England, and then in 1587 his mind was made up. 200 00:14:38,520 --> 00:14:42,120 Elizabeth executed Mary. That was the last straw. 201 00:14:47,360 --> 00:14:51,440 Now Philip excitedly ordered the building and provisioning 202 00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:54,080 of the greatest fleet in history. 203 00:14:54,080 --> 00:14:58,200 His secretary noted, "I've never seen the King so animated 204 00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:00,680 "by any other piece of business." 205 00:15:03,240 --> 00:15:06,720 And this is the desk where the Prudent King 206 00:15:06,720 --> 00:15:13,200 came up with his reckless master plan to conquer Protestant England. 207 00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:17,280 He ordered that the Duke of Medina Sidonia would sail from Spain 208 00:15:17,280 --> 00:15:21,680 with 130 ships, 20,000 men, along the English Channel 209 00:15:21,680 --> 00:15:26,360 and join up with the 30,000 men of the Duke of Parma, 210 00:15:26,360 --> 00:15:29,280 waiting at Dunkirk in the Low Countries. 211 00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:32,680 Both commanders hated this plan. 212 00:15:32,680 --> 00:15:36,640 How on Earth would you coordinate the two forces joining hands 213 00:15:36,640 --> 00:15:40,160 at the mercy of the hostile English Navy? 214 00:15:41,520 --> 00:15:44,840 But Philip swept aside all objections. 215 00:15:44,840 --> 00:15:47,880 "Human prudence may suggest uncertainties," he said, 216 00:15:47,880 --> 00:15:53,160 "but God will remove them. After all," he added, "I do God's work." 217 00:15:55,760 --> 00:16:01,120 As Spain waited, the royal family knelt in prayer, night and day. 218 00:16:03,800 --> 00:16:07,960 By 6th August 1588, Medina Sidonia 219 00:16:07,960 --> 00:16:11,080 and the armada were moored off Calais. 220 00:16:11,080 --> 00:16:14,680 At the same time, the Duke of Parma and his men 221 00:16:14,680 --> 00:16:17,440 were embarked on ships at Dunkirk, 222 00:16:17,440 --> 00:16:22,200 but fatally and predictably the message hadn't reached him in time. 223 00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:25,000 It was too late and the armada were sitting ducks. 224 00:16:28,120 --> 00:16:30,720 Many of them were attacked by English ships. 225 00:16:30,720 --> 00:16:32,560 GUNFIRE 226 00:16:33,840 --> 00:16:37,600 A storm scattered them and some of them had to sail 227 00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:41,160 all the way around Scotland and Ireland to get back to Spain. 228 00:16:41,160 --> 00:16:45,520 It was disaster. A third of the ships never made it home. 229 00:16:45,520 --> 00:16:48,360 15,000 men died. 230 00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:54,760 God had not smiled on Philip's divine enterprise. 231 00:16:56,800 --> 00:17:00,160 After the failure of the armada, Philip's health deteriorated. 232 00:17:00,160 --> 00:17:02,840 The man in black retreated to his rooms, 233 00:17:02,840 --> 00:17:07,880 exhausting himself on his paperwork, while devoting himself to prayer. 234 00:17:07,880 --> 00:17:12,000 As he lay here, priests would bring in his beloved relics 235 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:16,600 and lay them on his aching limbs and open sores. 236 00:17:16,600 --> 00:17:18,600 As he sunk into unconsciousness, 237 00:17:18,600 --> 00:17:21,600 the only way his daughter had to rouse him 238 00:17:21,600 --> 00:17:26,240 was to pretend that someone was near those relics and might touch them. 239 00:17:26,240 --> 00:17:29,520 "Don't touch the relics," she'd say, and he'd suddenly wake up. 240 00:17:31,880 --> 00:17:34,560 But people in the kingdom started to say, 241 00:17:34,560 --> 00:17:39,200 "If the King of Spain doesn't die soon, the kingdom will." 242 00:17:39,200 --> 00:17:44,280 And finally, on 13th September 1598, he did. 243 00:17:50,440 --> 00:17:54,520 As he took his final breath, the choristers were singing Morning Mass 244 00:17:54,520 --> 00:17:57,360 in the monumental basilica next to his bedroom. 245 00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:05,680 Philip II left the monarchy still at the zenith of its power, 246 00:18:05,680 --> 00:18:09,440 the achievement of a ruler of impressive diligence and acumen. 247 00:18:11,160 --> 00:18:15,680 There were failures, like the armada, yet, after Philip, 248 00:18:15,680 --> 00:18:19,720 every Spanish ruler would try to emulate his greatness. 249 00:18:23,840 --> 00:18:27,120 The challenge now was for Philip's heirs to maintain 250 00:18:27,120 --> 00:18:29,920 the power of this expensive empire, 251 00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:35,240 an empire so vast, even the gold of the Americas couldn't cover it. 252 00:18:35,240 --> 00:18:38,960 It was constantly teetering on the edge of bankruptcy. 253 00:18:38,960 --> 00:18:40,520 And there was another problem. 254 00:18:40,520 --> 00:18:43,560 In 1621, Philip IV inherited the throne. 255 00:18:43,560 --> 00:18:47,960 He was 16 but he lacked the talent to rule in his own right. 256 00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:53,120 Instead, he needed to choose a trusted courtier to rule for him. 257 00:18:53,120 --> 00:18:57,000 These favourites were called the validos. 258 00:18:57,000 --> 00:19:00,840 The validos were hated for their power and corruption. 259 00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:04,920 They were compared to mushrooms that grew up suddenly overnight 260 00:19:04,920 --> 00:19:07,000 out of a bed of excrement. 261 00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:11,000 But the greatest of them all was Gaspar de Guzman, 262 00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:14,200 the Count of Olivares. 263 00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:19,640 Olivares knew that to rule Spain he needed to rule Philip IV. 264 00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:23,520 I've come to the Prado Museum in Madrid 265 00:19:23,520 --> 00:19:25,840 to find out about Philip and his favourite, 266 00:19:25,840 --> 00:19:30,520 through the work of THE court painter of the day, Diego Velazquez. 267 00:19:32,600 --> 00:19:36,720 Here's Philip IV painted astride a rearing horse. 268 00:19:36,720 --> 00:19:40,600 More than anything, he wanted to be seen as a soldier king, 269 00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:45,200 though his real hobbies were hunting duck and chasing actresses. 270 00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:50,720 Velazquez's assessment of the young Philip was that he 271 00:19:50,720 --> 00:19:54,720 "mistrusts himself, and defers to others too much". 272 00:19:56,520 --> 00:19:59,600 But when you look at his face in this portrait, 273 00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:02,760 there's something in the eye, something in the face 274 00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:04,480 that shows how nervous he was. 275 00:20:06,280 --> 00:20:09,920 He wanted to be a great king but he wasn't quite sure how. 276 00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:16,440 Right next to Velazquez's Philip IV 277 00:20:16,440 --> 00:20:20,280 is his portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares. 278 00:20:20,280 --> 00:20:24,200 The compositions complement each other, yet here the eyes betray 279 00:20:24,200 --> 00:20:26,120 no hint of doubt. 280 00:20:26,120 --> 00:20:28,560 On Philip's accession to the throne, 281 00:20:28,560 --> 00:20:32,160 Olivares declared, "Now everything is mine." 282 00:20:33,480 --> 00:20:39,200 This is the man who taught Philip IV how to be a great king. 283 00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:44,360 He was larger than life, swaggering, flamboyant, neurotic, 284 00:20:44,360 --> 00:20:48,320 hypochondriacal, hysterical, explosive, 285 00:20:48,320 --> 00:20:51,120 but also brilliant. He was eccentric. 286 00:20:51,120 --> 00:20:54,960 He wandered the corridors of power late into the night 287 00:20:54,960 --> 00:20:59,400 with documents stuffed into his hat, his pockets, even his boots. 288 00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:02,840 But he was a supreme courtier too. 289 00:21:02,840 --> 00:21:05,200 Once, when a young Philip was annoyed with him 290 00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:06,880 and shouted that he was sick of him, 291 00:21:06,880 --> 00:21:11,880 Olivares simply kissed the brimming royal chamber pot and withdrew. 292 00:21:11,880 --> 00:21:16,320 He would take the young king on boisterous male escapades 293 00:21:16,320 --> 00:21:18,240 in the backstreets of Madrid, 294 00:21:18,240 --> 00:21:21,480 but really Olivares was all about business. 295 00:21:21,480 --> 00:21:23,720 This is how he saw himself, 296 00:21:23,720 --> 00:21:25,840 international strategist 297 00:21:25,840 --> 00:21:30,120 and supreme commander of the greatest power on Earth. 298 00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:37,240 Olivares was in power for just two years before his statesmanship 299 00:21:37,240 --> 00:21:42,760 was dramatically tested by the arrival of visitors from London. 300 00:21:42,760 --> 00:21:46,560 It was the start of one of the strangest diplomatic crises 301 00:21:46,560 --> 00:21:48,840 in European history. 302 00:21:48,840 --> 00:21:52,720 On 17th March 1623, there was a knock at the door 303 00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:55,360 of the British Ambassador's residence in Madrid. 304 00:21:55,360 --> 00:21:57,280 KNOCKS ON DOOR 305 00:21:57,280 --> 00:22:00,840 An Englishman, who gave his name as Mr Thomas Smith, 306 00:22:00,840 --> 00:22:04,280 insisted on speaking to the ambassador in person. 307 00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:08,320 On the other side of the street, another figure lurked in the shadows. 308 00:22:10,880 --> 00:22:14,120 When the ambassador came down, he was amazed to discover 309 00:22:14,120 --> 00:22:16,760 that Tom Smith was none other than 310 00:22:16,760 --> 00:22:21,880 the Marquis of Buckingham, King James I's minister and favourite, 311 00:22:21,880 --> 00:22:25,080 and John Smith, hiding across the road, 312 00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:28,200 was Charles, the Prince of Wales. 313 00:22:30,360 --> 00:22:33,520 Both were in full disguise and wearing false beards. 314 00:22:34,880 --> 00:22:37,400 This absurd, reckless escapade 315 00:22:37,400 --> 00:22:40,640 was the culmination of years of negotiations 316 00:22:40,640 --> 00:22:45,800 for Protestant Charles to marry the Catholic infanta, Mariana, 317 00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:50,400 hugely complicated by the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War 318 00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:53,720 between Europe's Catholics and Protestants. 319 00:22:53,720 --> 00:22:56,480 Charles and Buckingham were playing with fire. 320 00:22:56,480 --> 00:23:01,360 These vain popinjays, on a romantic adventure, had placed themselves 321 00:23:01,360 --> 00:23:04,800 in the power of the ruthless Count Olivares, 322 00:23:04,800 --> 00:23:06,960 who, like everyone else in Madrid, 323 00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:10,200 expected that Charles would never have travelled 324 00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:15,720 halfway across Europe if he was not willing to convert to Catholicism. 325 00:23:15,720 --> 00:23:19,960 These shenanigans would infuriate Olivares, bewilder Philip 326 00:23:19,960 --> 00:23:25,360 and reduce Charles' father, James I, to senile weeping for his wee boys. 327 00:23:30,520 --> 00:23:33,640 Prince Charles regarded himself as a chevalier in pursuit 328 00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:36,680 of his passionate prey, the infanta. 329 00:23:36,680 --> 00:23:40,680 Olivares finally allowed him to see her in a carriage, 330 00:23:40,680 --> 00:23:45,440 and there he thought her maidenly ardour was expressed 331 00:23:45,440 --> 00:23:48,600 in little blushes that he thought he saw on her face. 332 00:23:48,600 --> 00:23:53,080 In fact, the infanta had no intention of marrying a heretic, 333 00:23:53,080 --> 00:23:54,360 a Protestant. 334 00:23:54,360 --> 00:23:57,440 Olivares appreciated these perilous complexities. 335 00:23:57,440 --> 00:24:00,600 Unless he could win the prize of a Catholic England, 336 00:24:00,600 --> 00:24:03,400 he was determined to derail the match. 337 00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:08,480 He now demanded that all Catholics in England be liberated, 338 00:24:08,480 --> 00:24:10,240 their rights restored, 339 00:24:10,240 --> 00:24:13,280 and this was much more than Buckingham and Charles 340 00:24:13,280 --> 00:24:15,400 could ever deliver. 341 00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:19,160 Soon the negotiations became dangerously fraught. 342 00:24:19,160 --> 00:24:22,880 The two favourites, Buckingham and Olivares, hated each other, 343 00:24:22,880 --> 00:24:26,720 insulted each other, and soon they were at daggers drawn. 344 00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:33,200 Charles found himself a prisoner in Spain for over six months. 345 00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:37,280 He only got away by pretending to agree to Olivares' terms. 346 00:24:39,680 --> 00:24:41,920 Charles didn't get his bride. 347 00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:46,120 Olivares was now more trusted by Philip IV than ever. 348 00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:52,680 Olivares could now launch his master plan, which was, in his words, 349 00:24:52,680 --> 00:24:55,120 "to resuscitate Your Majesty's monarchy". 350 00:24:56,280 --> 00:24:59,280 This popular Madrid park was the setting 351 00:24:59,280 --> 00:25:02,200 for a great pleasure palace built by Olivares. 352 00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:08,640 There are few vestiges of the colossal Buen Retiro Palace itself 353 00:25:08,640 --> 00:25:12,840 but this was the spectacular expression of Olivares' dream 354 00:25:12,840 --> 00:25:14,800 of a resurgent Spain. 355 00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:18,880 I'm about to see its forgotten throne room. 356 00:25:18,880 --> 00:25:20,680 There are no tourists here. 357 00:25:20,680 --> 00:25:25,520 It's all that remains of Olivares' mission to glorify the monarchy 358 00:25:25,520 --> 00:25:26,960 and its young king. 359 00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:39,160 This is it - the Hall of the Kingdoms in all its faded grandeur. 360 00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:42,320 Here, on these walls, 361 00:25:42,320 --> 00:25:46,400 Olivares celebrated the far-flung territories of his king... 362 00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:52,080 ..each name a story from the annals of Spanish history. 363 00:25:52,080 --> 00:25:53,720 There is Granada. 364 00:25:53,720 --> 00:25:57,040 There is Milan, for example, and Naples. 365 00:25:57,040 --> 00:25:59,520 There is Flanders, the Low Countries. 366 00:25:59,520 --> 00:26:04,600 There is Sicily, Peru, Mexico, Portugal. 367 00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:09,480 This was the Spanish Empire in its late, great phase. 368 00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:14,160 Olivares' ambition was to unite these kingdoms 369 00:26:14,160 --> 00:26:18,800 in a military Union of Arms to fund the empire and its wars. 370 00:26:18,800 --> 00:26:22,520 Yet, his vision of Spanish greatness meant entering 371 00:26:22,520 --> 00:26:24,720 the devastating Thirty Years' War. 372 00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:29,880 As an overstretched monarchy began losing the war, 373 00:26:29,880 --> 00:26:32,720 Olivares' scheme didn't unite Spain. 374 00:26:32,720 --> 00:26:35,040 It brought it to the verge of destruction. 375 00:26:36,320 --> 00:26:39,720 The Portuguese rebelled. Catalonia rebelled. 376 00:26:39,720 --> 00:26:44,600 Olivares' dream, Olivares' gamble had failed. 377 00:26:46,480 --> 00:26:48,080 He was finished. 378 00:26:52,560 --> 00:26:57,920 After over 20 years in power, Olivares' enemies were circling. 379 00:26:57,920 --> 00:27:01,280 Finally, Philip IV had to break up 380 00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:04,320 their strange father-son relationship. 381 00:27:04,320 --> 00:27:08,800 In January 1643, he dismissed the valido. 382 00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:12,000 Olivares, obese and neurotic, 383 00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:15,680 went almost mad with bitterness and regret. 384 00:27:15,680 --> 00:27:18,320 The Inquisition started to investigate him. 385 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:23,000 He was close to being arrested and possibly executed, 386 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:25,480 but he died aged 58 before that could happen. 387 00:27:26,680 --> 00:27:29,640 King Philip was finally a man 388 00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:33,320 but the Spanish Empire was now a wounded giant. 389 00:27:36,520 --> 00:27:39,040 And, after over a century of rule, 390 00:27:39,040 --> 00:27:42,080 the Spanish Habsburg dynasty was in trouble. 391 00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:44,760 It was not merely the hubris of empire. 392 00:27:44,760 --> 00:27:46,920 Its nemesis came from within. 393 00:27:50,160 --> 00:27:53,880 San Lorenzo de El Escoria celebrated the Habsburgs' 394 00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:57,720 elevated view of their own peerless royalty. 395 00:27:59,320 --> 00:28:01,200 But now the dynasty would perish 396 00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:04,440 precisely because of that haughty pride. 397 00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:09,520 Down these steps, deep under the altar of the basilica, 398 00:28:09,520 --> 00:28:12,040 is the sacred Pantheon of Kings, 399 00:28:12,040 --> 00:28:15,320 the final resting place of the monarchs of Spain. 400 00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:35,120 I come to find the tomb of the last of the Spanish Habsburgs. 401 00:28:35,120 --> 00:28:38,000 Philip's son, Charles, known as "the Bewitched" 402 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:40,520 because of his grotesque appearance, 403 00:28:40,520 --> 00:28:45,360 including a jaw so huge that he could barely eat. 404 00:28:45,360 --> 00:28:50,440 His plight was the result of generations of family intermarriage. 405 00:28:50,440 --> 00:28:54,160 The Habsburgs were made by marriage, and destroyed by it. 406 00:28:57,480 --> 00:29:02,120 I'm meeting geneticist Professor Gonzalo Alvarez. 407 00:29:02,120 --> 00:29:07,600 He's made an analysis of Habsburg intermarriage across 16 generations 408 00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:09,720 and its fatal effect on the bloodline. 409 00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:15,240 The most famous characteristic of the Habsburg family 410 00:29:15,240 --> 00:29:17,120 was the Habsburg jaw. 411 00:29:17,120 --> 00:29:20,640 Was this the result of their notorious interbreeding? 412 00:29:20,640 --> 00:29:22,520 IN SPANISH 413 00:29:35,440 --> 00:29:39,280 So what were the mental and physical effects 414 00:29:39,280 --> 00:29:42,040 on poor Charles II of interbreeding? 415 00:30:11,440 --> 00:30:13,400 How closely related were his parents? 416 00:30:41,560 --> 00:30:46,720 When Charles II finally died, his autopsy made pitiful reading. 417 00:30:46,720 --> 00:30:50,200 His brain was full of water, his veins had no blood, 418 00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:54,200 and his single testicle resembled a black coal. 419 00:30:56,840 --> 00:31:00,920 With two possible cousins as his heir, one Austrian, one French, 420 00:31:00,920 --> 00:31:03,720 Charles chose the French. 421 00:31:03,720 --> 00:31:07,240 That plunged Europe into the War of Spanish Succession, 422 00:31:07,240 --> 00:31:11,360 which put a new dynasty on the Spanish throne - 423 00:31:11,360 --> 00:31:12,720 the Bourbons of France. 424 00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:19,240 They brought French Enlightenment and a more informal style, 425 00:31:19,240 --> 00:31:23,680 and for the first time they united the separate kingdoms into one 426 00:31:23,680 --> 00:31:25,040 Kingdom of Spain. 427 00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:30,400 In 1789, the French Revolution 428 00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:33,360 overthrew their Bourbon cousins in Paris. 429 00:31:34,680 --> 00:31:38,480 As the monarchs of Europe tried to suppress the revolution, 430 00:31:38,480 --> 00:31:40,840 Spain needed a strong monarch. 431 00:31:40,840 --> 00:31:44,560 Unfortunately, the king was Charles IV, 432 00:31:44,560 --> 00:31:48,120 nicknamed "the Hunter" because he did very little else. 433 00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:54,440 It was the Queen, Maria Luisa, who was the real ruler of Spain. 434 00:31:54,440 --> 00:31:57,560 And the man she wanted at her side was not the King. 435 00:31:57,560 --> 00:32:02,120 He was an ambitious young upstart, a handsome royal guardsman, 436 00:32:02,120 --> 00:32:03,840 Manuel Godoy. 437 00:32:08,360 --> 00:32:11,320 Godoy almost certainly became the queen's lover, 438 00:32:11,320 --> 00:32:14,840 and at the age of 25, she appointed him Chief Minister. 439 00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:21,360 Spain was now ruled by a menage a trois. 440 00:32:24,440 --> 00:32:29,080 The Queen herself proudly referred to it as "the Earthly Trinity". 441 00:32:32,840 --> 00:32:35,000 It was certainly earthly. 442 00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:37,760 The menage a trois was more of a foursome, 443 00:32:37,760 --> 00:32:41,480 because Godoy's favourite mistress was Pepita, 444 00:32:41,480 --> 00:32:45,720 whom he had painted twice by Goya. 445 00:32:45,720 --> 00:32:47,720 He was very proud of her 446 00:32:47,720 --> 00:32:52,000 but he was even more keen to show her at her best, 447 00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:56,920 and he would show this portrait in a tiny private room. 448 00:32:56,920 --> 00:32:59,400 He would pull a curtain 449 00:32:59,400 --> 00:33:04,640 to reveal Pepita in all her dazzling sensuality. 450 00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:17,000 Godoy wasn't just juggling powerful women. 451 00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:19,480 First, he backed the monarchies of Europe 452 00:33:19,480 --> 00:33:22,120 as they tried to crush revolutionary France, 453 00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:27,480 and then he joined France in a plan to conquer England's ally, Portugal. 454 00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:32,280 This is the residence of Godoy. 455 00:33:32,280 --> 00:33:37,880 He revelled in his splendour, but his timing was unfortunate. 456 00:33:37,880 --> 00:33:41,840 It happened that he coincided with the greatest soldier statesman 457 00:33:41,840 --> 00:33:46,080 of all European history, Napoleon Bonaparte. 458 00:33:46,080 --> 00:33:50,640 In 1808, Godoy and Napoleon agreed to cooperate 459 00:33:50,640 --> 00:33:54,320 in the carve-up of the Kingdom of Portugal, 460 00:33:54,320 --> 00:33:59,000 but when the French troops arrived in Madrid, they never left. 461 00:34:00,360 --> 00:34:03,480 100,000 French troops poured into Spain. 462 00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:07,280 Godoy, his king, his queen and mistress had to flee. 463 00:34:07,280 --> 00:34:10,560 But rumours spread that the rest of the royal family 464 00:34:10,560 --> 00:34:13,120 were about to be murdered. 465 00:34:13,120 --> 00:34:17,960 On May 2nd 1808, a mob gathered here outside the Royal Palace. 466 00:34:21,040 --> 00:34:26,080 A locksmith named Jose broke in and appeared on the balcony. 467 00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:28,480 "Death to the French," he cried. 468 00:34:28,480 --> 00:34:32,160 "They've already stolen our royal family - our king and our queen. 469 00:34:32,160 --> 00:34:35,040 "Now they wish to take the rest of them to Paris!" 470 00:34:35,040 --> 00:34:36,400 The mob went crazy. 471 00:34:36,400 --> 00:34:40,120 They turned on the French troops, pelting them with rocks, 472 00:34:40,120 --> 00:34:45,000 pouring boiling water on them from the rooftops, and all hell let loose. 473 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:49,480 The French opened fire randomly on the crowds. Hundreds were killed. 474 00:34:49,480 --> 00:34:54,120 French and Spanish blood ran in the gutters of Madrid. 475 00:34:56,160 --> 00:34:59,640 The French general ordered immediate and ruthless reprisals. 476 00:34:59,640 --> 00:35:06,560 Men were rounded up almost at random, a gardener, a singer, even a priest. 477 00:35:06,560 --> 00:35:09,120 As they were marched through the streets, 478 00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:13,000 some builders on a scaffolding threw rocks at the French troops. 479 00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:15,920 They too were arrested and added to the party. 480 00:35:15,920 --> 00:35:22,000 The next day, the 3rd of May, all 43 men were executed by firing squad. 481 00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:23,480 GUNFIRE 482 00:35:26,920 --> 00:35:29,880 Their deaths were immortalized by Goya 483 00:35:29,880 --> 00:35:33,080 in his famous painting The Third of May 1808. 484 00:35:36,120 --> 00:35:39,160 Under the incongruous shadow of cable cars, 485 00:35:39,160 --> 00:35:44,360 in the tiny cemetery of La Florida in Madrid, they lie buried, 486 00:35:44,360 --> 00:35:49,200 43 ordinary men who stood up for Spain's national pride. 487 00:35:51,720 --> 00:35:55,160 Their actions were glorious, yet futile... 488 00:35:57,560 --> 00:36:01,640 ..as Spain became a mere province of the French Empire. 489 00:36:06,440 --> 00:36:10,120 Napoleon forced the Bourbon royal family to abdicate 490 00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:14,760 and he appointed his own brother, Joseph, as King of Spain. 491 00:36:14,760 --> 00:36:19,720 Emperor Napoleon came here himself to defeat the Spanish army. 492 00:36:21,080 --> 00:36:24,960 But the Spanish people rose up against the French. 493 00:36:24,960 --> 00:36:27,880 They launched the first guerrilla war. 494 00:36:27,880 --> 00:36:31,480 The word itself, "guerrilla", comes from this conflict. 495 00:36:35,560 --> 00:36:41,000 As Napoleon's brother, King Joseph, tried to rule from the Royal Palace, 496 00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:44,160 Spain got help from the old enemy. 497 00:36:44,160 --> 00:36:49,000 Britain sent Sir Arthur Wellesley, its best general. 498 00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:53,480 He defeated the French, earning the title the Duke of Wellington. 499 00:36:53,480 --> 00:36:57,000 He drove King Joseph Bonaparte out of Madrid 500 00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:02,080 and in 1814 invaded France, contributing to Napoleon's downfall. 501 00:37:03,480 --> 00:37:06,200 Spain was left weakened and divided. 502 00:37:07,560 --> 00:37:10,840 A liberal constitution, promising democracy, 503 00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:13,480 delighted half the country, 504 00:37:13,480 --> 00:37:17,160 but the other half preferred Catholic absolutism. 505 00:37:17,160 --> 00:37:20,840 Spain was tortured by these conflicting visions 506 00:37:20,840 --> 00:37:24,040 and a humiliating international decline. 507 00:37:26,200 --> 00:37:31,680 Professor Jose Alvarez Junco is an expert on the 19th century. 508 00:37:31,680 --> 00:37:34,680 One of the biggest effects of the Napoleonic Wars 509 00:37:34,680 --> 00:37:38,040 was not in Spain but was abroad. What happened to the Spanish Empire? 510 00:37:38,040 --> 00:37:41,120 Between 1810 and 1825, 511 00:37:41,120 --> 00:37:45,720 90% of the American Empire declared its independence from Spain. 512 00:37:45,720 --> 00:37:49,800 The Spaniards lived on a fantasy, 513 00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:53,160 that they were still an imperial power 514 00:37:53,160 --> 00:37:56,960 because they kept Cuba and Filipinas and Puerto Rico 515 00:37:56,960 --> 00:38:02,920 but in 1898, they finally lost that also. 516 00:38:02,920 --> 00:38:06,960 What was the effect on Spain itself of this loss of empire? 517 00:38:06,960 --> 00:38:10,160 The effect was enormous, tremendous. 518 00:38:10,160 --> 00:38:16,720 Spain had been a big power between, let's say, 1500 and 1800, 519 00:38:16,720 --> 00:38:20,280 between the Catholic kings and the Napoleonic Wars, 520 00:38:20,280 --> 00:38:22,160 and they suddenly realised 521 00:38:22,160 --> 00:38:26,640 that they were not a great power, they were not a "superior race". 522 00:38:26,640 --> 00:38:31,600 What was the effect of the struggles and wars of the 19th century? 523 00:38:31,600 --> 00:38:37,000 There were constant military coups. There were civil wars, 524 00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:43,280 the socioeconomic inequality, particularly in the rural world. 525 00:38:43,280 --> 00:38:48,480 Another was the Catholic Church in Spain was widely hated. 526 00:38:48,480 --> 00:38:51,320 It was disastrous, and that led, for instance, 527 00:38:51,320 --> 00:38:55,600 to the impossibility to have common symbols. 528 00:38:55,600 --> 00:38:59,960 The Spanish national anthem has no words. We don't agree. 529 00:38:59,960 --> 00:39:03,440 Conservatives would like to sing the glories of the Spanish Empire 530 00:39:03,440 --> 00:39:05,480 and the defence of Catholicism, 531 00:39:05,480 --> 00:39:09,800 and liberals, or lefties, would like to sing the defence of freedoms. 532 00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:12,200 So, in the end, there are no words. 533 00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:15,960 Sometimes, funny things have happened. 534 00:39:15,960 --> 00:39:20,000 For instance, players of the national soccer team, 535 00:39:20,000 --> 00:39:23,800 when they have won a championship and the music has begun, 536 00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:26,400 they sing things without any meaning. For instance... 537 00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:28,760 TUNE OF SPANISH NATION ANTHEM: 538 00:39:28,760 --> 00:39:32,080 Choon-da, choon, choon, choon... 539 00:39:32,080 --> 00:39:34,120 Because they need to sing something. 540 00:39:34,120 --> 00:39:37,160 That's extraordinary. That's totally extraordinary. 541 00:39:38,280 --> 00:39:43,000 Early in the 20th century, Spain managed to stay out of World War I. 542 00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:46,840 Yet, economic depression reinforced its schisms, 543 00:39:46,840 --> 00:39:49,480 and the hapless King Alfonso XII 544 00:39:49,480 --> 00:39:52,640 was discredited when he appointed a general as dictator. 545 00:39:54,960 --> 00:39:59,640 In 1931, he was deposed. Spain was a republic 546 00:39:59,640 --> 00:40:03,320 and after 200 years, the Bourbons went into exile. 547 00:40:05,000 --> 00:40:08,080 The Republic was the first time in Spanish history 548 00:40:08,080 --> 00:40:12,640 that the country had been ruled by a leftist, moderate government 549 00:40:12,640 --> 00:40:15,480 elected in a true democracy, 550 00:40:15,480 --> 00:40:19,920 and it brought in many progressive measures - votes for women, 551 00:40:19,920 --> 00:40:25,000 workers' rights and water in working-class districts, 552 00:40:25,000 --> 00:40:30,320 like this fountain here that still bears the date 1934 553 00:40:30,320 --> 00:40:32,560 and the Spanish Republic. 554 00:40:32,560 --> 00:40:36,120 Yet, the right, from landowners to industrialists, 555 00:40:36,120 --> 00:40:39,280 believed that the Republic was a communist conspiracy 556 00:40:39,280 --> 00:40:42,440 to destroy traditional Spanish values. 557 00:40:42,440 --> 00:40:45,920 Its anti-Catholic measures proved to its enemies, 558 00:40:45,920 --> 00:40:50,800 the generals, the Church and the growing fascist militias, 559 00:40:50,800 --> 00:40:52,640 that it was an anathema. 560 00:40:52,640 --> 00:40:54,960 They were determined to stop it. 561 00:40:54,960 --> 00:41:00,280 In 1936, the Socialists won elections that were the last straw. 562 00:41:00,280 --> 00:41:05,000 Tit-for-tat killings by leftist and fascist death squads 563 00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:07,720 meant the generals had an excuse. 564 00:41:07,720 --> 00:41:09,880 They reached for their guns. 565 00:41:09,880 --> 00:41:12,600 The Republic was doomed. 566 00:41:12,600 --> 00:41:15,520 The generals planned a nationalist coup. 567 00:41:15,520 --> 00:41:19,280 Among them was the 43-year-old commander of the Canary Islands, 568 00:41:19,280 --> 00:41:22,400 a Spanish outpost 1,000 miles away. 569 00:41:22,400 --> 00:41:24,200 He emerged as their leader. 570 00:41:25,440 --> 00:41:28,320 He was extremely uncharismatic. 571 00:41:28,320 --> 00:41:33,440 He was a dreary, notoriously bad speaker, with a high, womanly voice. 572 00:41:33,440 --> 00:41:39,040 He was paunchy, small and balding, but he was not all he seemed. 573 00:41:39,040 --> 00:41:44,560 Francisco Franco had been Europe's youngest general since Napoleon. 574 00:41:44,560 --> 00:41:49,240 He'd made his name as the brutal commander in the colonial war 575 00:41:49,240 --> 00:41:52,720 in Morocco, where even his Moroccan troops 576 00:41:52,720 --> 00:41:57,280 regarded his bloodthirstiness with reverence. 577 00:41:57,280 --> 00:42:01,120 He loathed socialists, Marxists, Masons, Jews, 578 00:42:01,120 --> 00:42:04,000 and believed they should be annihilated like aliens. 579 00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:08,600 Above all, he possessed the will to power. 580 00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:12,160 But for now, he watched and waited. 581 00:42:12,160 --> 00:42:14,920 His time had almost come. 582 00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:26,800 In July 1936, Franco left the Canary Islands 583 00:42:26,800 --> 00:42:28,920 for Spanish Morocco in North Africa. 584 00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:35,280 He planned to deploy his devoted Moroccan Legion 585 00:42:35,280 --> 00:42:36,960 to crush the Republic. 586 00:42:39,120 --> 00:42:42,120 Yet, he lacked transport to get his legionaries across 587 00:42:42,120 --> 00:42:43,560 to mainland Spain. 588 00:42:46,520 --> 00:42:50,680 He appealed to the fascist dictators Hitler and Mussolini. 589 00:42:50,680 --> 00:42:54,280 They saw a way to promote fascist power. 590 00:42:54,280 --> 00:42:58,920 Hitler sent the planes and, ever the fan of Wagner, 591 00:42:58,920 --> 00:43:03,440 he named this operation Operation Magic Fire. 592 00:43:03,440 --> 00:43:06,120 MUSIC: Magic Fire Music by Richard Wagner 593 00:43:06,120 --> 00:43:09,280 While Britain and France chose to remain neutral, 594 00:43:09,280 --> 00:43:14,200 the extreme ideologies of the 20th century, fascism and communism, 595 00:43:14,200 --> 00:43:18,360 began a war of annihilation and a tournament of power 596 00:43:18,360 --> 00:43:22,160 in the bloody bullring of Spain. 597 00:43:22,160 --> 00:43:23,920 LOUD EXPLOSION 598 00:43:23,920 --> 00:43:28,280 As Franco marched north, the killing started all over Spain. 599 00:43:28,280 --> 00:43:31,880 20,000 were executed in the first days of the coup. 600 00:43:35,480 --> 00:43:39,040 Franco's nationalist forces headed for the capital. 601 00:43:39,040 --> 00:43:41,400 It would have fallen. 602 00:43:41,400 --> 00:43:44,880 Instead, Franco diverted troops to Toledo, 603 00:43:44,880 --> 00:43:48,880 once the capital of Visigothic Spain, which was under siege. 604 00:43:50,240 --> 00:43:51,960 GUNFIRE 605 00:43:53,400 --> 00:43:54,880 He was making a point. 606 00:43:54,880 --> 00:44:01,080 In 1085, King Alfonso VI had taken the Muslim city of Toledo 607 00:44:01,080 --> 00:44:04,880 to launch the Christian reconquest of Spain. 608 00:44:04,880 --> 00:44:08,520 Franco felt that he was doing the same thing. 609 00:44:08,520 --> 00:44:13,160 Now he declared, "This is not a civil war. This is a holy war. 610 00:44:13,160 --> 00:44:15,600 "We are the soldiers of God." 611 00:44:18,840 --> 00:44:21,960 The Church blessed Franco's cause and portrayed him 612 00:44:21,960 --> 00:44:23,480 as the saviour of Spain. 613 00:44:24,680 --> 00:44:26,760 In November 1935, 614 00:44:26,760 --> 00:44:32,320 after taking Toledo, Franco's crusaders broke into the capital. 615 00:44:32,320 --> 00:44:34,480 The Nationalist rebel forces, 616 00:44:34,480 --> 00:44:38,160 spearheaded by their battle-hardened Moroccan legionaries, 617 00:44:38,160 --> 00:44:40,520 fought their way right into the centre of Madrid, 618 00:44:40,520 --> 00:44:42,880 right to these university buildings. 619 00:44:44,400 --> 00:44:47,640 These bullet holes tell their own story. 620 00:44:47,640 --> 00:44:49,600 RAPID GUNFIRE AND EXPLOSIONS 621 00:44:52,000 --> 00:44:53,920 The fighting was ferocious. 622 00:44:53,920 --> 00:44:55,760 GUNFIRE 623 00:44:57,360 --> 00:45:00,440 The Republic desperately needed arms and men. 624 00:45:00,440 --> 00:45:03,760 The arms came from Stalin in Soviet Russia 625 00:45:03,760 --> 00:45:08,000 and the men came in the form of the International Brigades, 626 00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:12,240 who rushed here, individual volunteers from all over the world, 627 00:45:12,240 --> 00:45:15,280 united in the fight to stop fascism. 628 00:45:17,120 --> 00:45:19,600 Madrid held out for three years, 629 00:45:19,600 --> 00:45:22,800 the ultimate symbol of Republican resistance. 630 00:45:24,920 --> 00:45:30,320 Franco fought on, now backed by 80,000 troops sent by Mussolini 631 00:45:30,320 --> 00:45:33,200 and Hitler's Nazi Condor Legion, 632 00:45:33,200 --> 00:45:36,920 which invented terror bombing and devastated Guernica. 633 00:45:36,920 --> 00:45:38,720 LOUD EXPLOSIONS 634 00:45:44,600 --> 00:45:47,760 Sensing that this was a rehearsal for the coming World War, 635 00:45:47,760 --> 00:45:51,320 writers poured in to cover the agony of Spain. 636 00:45:51,320 --> 00:45:54,200 It caught the imagination of a generation. 637 00:45:54,200 --> 00:45:57,800 The most famous of them all was Ernest Hemingway, 638 00:45:57,800 --> 00:45:59,560 and he was a regular at this bar. 639 00:45:59,560 --> 00:46:01,600 He used to sit right over there. 640 00:46:03,760 --> 00:46:07,000 "It was full of smoke," he wrote, "singing men in uniform 641 00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:10,360 "and the smell of wet leather coats. And they were handing out drinks 642 00:46:10,360 --> 00:46:13,440 "over a crowd that were three-deep at the bar." 643 00:46:15,360 --> 00:46:18,200 Hemingway saw this as a war against fascism 644 00:46:18,200 --> 00:46:22,520 and he helped publicise the desperate glamour of the Republican side. 645 00:46:22,520 --> 00:46:25,040 His novel For Whom The Bell Tolls 646 00:46:25,040 --> 00:46:27,560 is one of the great war novels of all time, 647 00:46:27,560 --> 00:46:31,440 and it captures the folly, the heroism 648 00:46:31,440 --> 00:46:34,240 and the sheer chaos of the Republican side. 649 00:46:34,240 --> 00:46:36,080 It's still a timeless read 650 00:46:36,080 --> 00:46:39,720 and some of the romanticism that is attributed 651 00:46:39,720 --> 00:46:42,440 to this most vicious of conflicts 652 00:46:42,440 --> 00:46:45,040 is down to Hemingway's masterpiece. 653 00:46:54,560 --> 00:46:56,840 The reality was savage. 654 00:46:56,840 --> 00:46:58,920 For an unglamorised version, 655 00:46:58,920 --> 00:47:02,720 I've driven 200 miles to the site of one of its bloody battles. 656 00:47:05,800 --> 00:47:08,400 Belchite in Zaragoza - 657 00:47:08,400 --> 00:47:12,720 a ghost town left exactly as it was at the end of the Civil War. 658 00:47:15,640 --> 00:47:20,200 It's still haunted by the atrocities perpetrated by both sides. 659 00:47:21,600 --> 00:47:23,240 For the Republican side, 660 00:47:23,240 --> 00:47:26,400 the greatest symbol of hatred was the Church. 661 00:47:26,400 --> 00:47:28,960 This is just one of the many they destroyed, 662 00:47:28,960 --> 00:47:33,320 and across Spain they exhumed the bodies of nuns and priests, 663 00:47:33,320 --> 00:47:36,800 mocked them and exposed them to public view. 664 00:47:36,800 --> 00:47:43,960 But much worse, they also killed 13 bishops and 6,000 clergy 665 00:47:43,960 --> 00:47:48,280 in what became known as "the greatest clerical blood-letting in history". 666 00:47:50,720 --> 00:47:55,520 Altogether, the Republicans killed 55,000 people. 667 00:48:01,880 --> 00:48:05,280 Republican death squads, often led by communists, 668 00:48:05,280 --> 00:48:07,760 organised mass killings. 669 00:48:07,760 --> 00:48:11,040 The Nationalists were better organised in every way. 670 00:48:11,040 --> 00:48:17,760 "I will occupy Spain," said Franco, "town by town, village by village." 671 00:48:17,760 --> 00:48:21,800 Half of the Spanish people were to be treated as aliens 672 00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:24,160 and annihilated on sight. 673 00:48:25,440 --> 00:48:30,480 Anyone suspected of socialism, atheism, liberalism, 674 00:48:30,480 --> 00:48:35,760 communism were hunted down by right-wing death squads and executed. 675 00:48:37,840 --> 00:48:39,920 Altogether, during the war, 676 00:48:39,920 --> 00:48:43,480 200,000 people were murdered by the Nationalists. 677 00:48:45,240 --> 00:48:49,320 In March 1939, the Republicans finally disintegrated. 678 00:48:50,840 --> 00:48:54,920 Franco marched into Madrid and declared total victory. 679 00:48:54,920 --> 00:48:58,200 In the next five years, he ordered further killings, 680 00:48:58,200 --> 00:49:03,560 an estimated 200,000 people, executed as enemies of Spain. 681 00:49:04,960 --> 00:49:08,240 There was no reconciliation. There were no pardons. 682 00:49:14,160 --> 00:49:16,040 With his regime secured, 683 00:49:16,040 --> 00:49:21,720 Franco was keen to promote his place in Spain's imperial history. 684 00:49:21,720 --> 00:49:24,360 On the first anniversary of the Nationalist victory 685 00:49:24,360 --> 00:49:27,560 he announced the plan to build a monument 686 00:49:27,560 --> 00:49:29,600 to those who fell for the cause. 687 00:49:31,200 --> 00:49:34,080 He chose this valley - we're just coming into sight now - 688 00:49:34,080 --> 00:49:38,480 because right next door, just over there, is the Escorial, 689 00:49:38,480 --> 00:49:43,840 the magnificent palace monastery of Spain's greatest king, Philip II. 690 00:49:43,840 --> 00:49:46,600 You can see exactly the way his mind was working. 691 00:49:46,600 --> 00:49:51,920 Franco saw himself as among the great, heroic conqueror kings 692 00:49:51,920 --> 00:49:53,400 of Spain's history. 693 00:49:59,480 --> 00:50:03,880 Dominated by its 500-foot Holy Cross, 694 00:50:03,880 --> 00:50:08,640 the Valley of the Fallen encapsulates Franco's Spain, 695 00:50:08,640 --> 00:50:14,280 a strange mix of Catholic, imperial and conservative, 696 00:50:14,280 --> 00:50:16,360 fascist and nationalist... 697 00:50:17,720 --> 00:50:22,080 ..Christian symbolism infused with fascistic imagery. 698 00:50:24,240 --> 00:50:28,440 "Such are the dimensions of our crusade," said Franco, 699 00:50:28,440 --> 00:50:32,680 "that we cannot commemorate this with simple monuments. 700 00:50:32,680 --> 00:50:36,480 "We must raise stones that resemble the grandeur 701 00:50:36,480 --> 00:50:40,880 "of the monuments of old that defy time." 702 00:50:40,880 --> 00:50:44,320 Well, whatever we think of Franco, 703 00:50:44,320 --> 00:50:45,560 we must say, 704 00:50:45,560 --> 00:50:47,600 he succeeded at least in that. 705 00:50:49,680 --> 00:50:52,360 As Europe plunged into the Second World War, 706 00:50:52,360 --> 00:50:55,600 Franco identified with Hitler and Mussolini. 707 00:50:55,600 --> 00:50:59,680 He called himself "El Caudillo" - the leader, the warlord - 708 00:50:59,680 --> 00:51:02,880 to match the Fuhrer and the Duce. 709 00:51:02,880 --> 00:51:05,400 He felt he was on history's winning side 710 00:51:05,400 --> 00:51:08,280 and he didn't want to miss out on the prizes. 711 00:51:08,280 --> 00:51:10,840 Yet, Spain was weak and ruined. 712 00:51:12,040 --> 00:51:18,280 By 1940, Europe shook with the triumphs of Hitler's blitzkrieg. 713 00:51:18,280 --> 00:51:24,000 Franco wanted to emulate the style, the ideology and the conquests 714 00:51:24,000 --> 00:51:28,280 of Hitler and Mussolini, his brother fascist dictators. 715 00:51:28,280 --> 00:51:32,520 He created an anti-Semitic fascistic party, and he declared, 716 00:51:32,520 --> 00:51:39,360 "We have conquered the scum of the communist-Masonic-Jewish conspiracy." 717 00:51:39,360 --> 00:51:43,360 He wanted to create a new Spanish Empire 718 00:51:43,360 --> 00:51:45,880 but only Hitler could give it to him. 719 00:51:48,440 --> 00:51:51,920 After German forces had conquered even France, 720 00:51:51,920 --> 00:51:55,520 Franco wanted to join the war, but he had his price. 721 00:51:57,520 --> 00:52:00,760 On 23rd October 1940, Franco and Hitler 722 00:52:00,760 --> 00:52:03,520 met at Hendaye Railway Station, 723 00:52:03,520 --> 00:52:07,480 near the Spanish border in France, to discuss terms. 724 00:52:09,120 --> 00:52:12,200 It started well. "Delighted to see you, Fuhrer." 725 00:52:12,200 --> 00:52:15,360 "Finally, an old wish of mine fulfilled, Caudillo." 726 00:52:17,960 --> 00:52:22,080 And then they repaired to Hitler's train, Erika, to begin the talks. 727 00:52:28,680 --> 00:52:31,840 Franco started to demand a long shopping list 728 00:52:31,840 --> 00:52:34,920 of imperial territories he wanted for Spain. 729 00:52:34,920 --> 00:52:39,440 Gibraltar and Portugal, of course, but also bits of French Catalonia, 730 00:52:39,440 --> 00:52:43,480 French Morocco, swaths of Algeria and West Africa. 731 00:52:43,480 --> 00:52:47,080 Hitler was outraged. He despised Franco. 732 00:52:47,080 --> 00:52:50,400 He said that Franco's whining voice resembled the muezzin, 733 00:52:50,400 --> 00:52:52,320 the Muslim call to prayer. 734 00:52:52,320 --> 00:52:55,760 He called him a "Jesuitical swine". 735 00:52:55,760 --> 00:52:57,480 He lost his temper. 736 00:52:57,480 --> 00:53:00,600 He treated Franco to one of his foam-flecked rants. 737 00:53:00,600 --> 00:53:04,920 He stood up to end the talks but was persuaded to return. 738 00:53:04,920 --> 00:53:06,680 But it didn't end well. 739 00:53:06,680 --> 00:53:10,760 He said he'd prefer to endure three or four teeth being pulled out 740 00:53:10,760 --> 00:53:14,120 than to spend another minute with Franco. 741 00:53:14,120 --> 00:53:17,280 Spain didn't get its empire. 742 00:53:17,280 --> 00:53:20,000 Germany didn't need Spanish help. 743 00:53:22,520 --> 00:53:24,320 Franco stayed neutral. 744 00:53:24,320 --> 00:53:26,480 But when Hitler fell, he adapted, 745 00:53:26,480 --> 00:53:29,120 swiftly dropping his fascist style, 746 00:53:29,120 --> 00:53:32,040 embracing a Catholic authoritarianism. 747 00:53:35,720 --> 00:53:39,480 For over 30 years, he lived here at the El Pardo Palace. 748 00:53:40,560 --> 00:53:44,000 His name appeared on stamps and coins. 749 00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:47,320 He was protected by a Moroccan bodyguard. 750 00:53:47,320 --> 00:53:49,960 He could even appoint people to titles 751 00:53:49,960 --> 00:53:53,440 and gave away dukedoms and marquises. 752 00:53:53,440 --> 00:53:55,720 He was king in all but name. 753 00:53:57,960 --> 00:54:00,400 He never actually abolished the monarchy. 754 00:54:00,400 --> 00:54:03,880 His plan was to restore the Bourbons after his death 755 00:54:03,880 --> 00:54:07,640 in a new hybrid regime, a Francoist monarchy. 756 00:54:10,160 --> 00:54:13,840 In the '40s, he allowed the young Prince Juan Carlos 757 00:54:13,840 --> 00:54:16,600 to return to be educated in Spain. 758 00:54:16,600 --> 00:54:20,400 In 1969, he finally announced his decision. 759 00:54:20,400 --> 00:54:25,480 He would be succeeded by Juan Carlos as king on his own death. 760 00:54:25,480 --> 00:54:29,240 But, while he thought he was playing the prince, 761 00:54:29,240 --> 00:54:33,200 the prince was also playing the old dictator. 762 00:54:33,200 --> 00:54:34,680 BELL TOLLS 763 00:54:36,200 --> 00:54:40,600 As he planned the succession, Franco knew where he would be buried, 764 00:54:40,600 --> 00:54:44,440 at the Valley of the Fallen, within the giant basilica 765 00:54:44,440 --> 00:54:46,040 like a warrior king. 766 00:54:56,000 --> 00:54:58,960 It really is an extraordinary place. 767 00:54:58,960 --> 00:55:02,200 It's impossible not to be impressed by it, 768 00:55:02,200 --> 00:55:04,360 but also horrified. 769 00:55:06,920 --> 00:55:09,520 It's pervaded by death. 770 00:55:13,680 --> 00:55:17,600 I feel I've entered a sacred political theatre 771 00:55:17,600 --> 00:55:21,520 orchestrated by Franco himself from beyond the grave. 772 00:55:23,040 --> 00:55:27,280 On 20th November 1975, aged 82, 773 00:55:27,280 --> 00:55:30,920 the last dictator of the '30s died. 774 00:55:30,920 --> 00:55:32,320 BELL TOLLS 775 00:55:45,280 --> 00:55:49,200 Was this the requiem for the age of dictators, 776 00:55:49,200 --> 00:55:53,720 or the overture for an enduring tyranny? 777 00:55:59,280 --> 00:56:02,360 When the lights went out, and the bells rang 778 00:56:02,360 --> 00:56:04,360 and the choir sung, 779 00:56:04,360 --> 00:56:08,760 I wouldn't have been surprised if the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 780 00:56:08,760 --> 00:56:10,760 had clattered into the hall. 781 00:56:14,040 --> 00:56:17,960 Two days after Franco's death, the young Bourbon, Juan Carlos, 782 00:56:17,960 --> 00:56:20,560 took the oath as King of Spain. 783 00:56:21,840 --> 00:56:25,400 He never intended to be the figurehead for the Francoists, 784 00:56:25,400 --> 00:56:27,720 and after 40 years of tyranny, 785 00:56:27,720 --> 00:56:31,400 the nation was hungry for freedom and democracy. 786 00:56:31,400 --> 00:56:35,120 The young king immediately started to move towards a new Spain. 787 00:56:37,240 --> 00:56:40,600 He oversaw the dismantling of the dictatorship 788 00:56:40,600 --> 00:56:43,920 and the creation of parliamentary democracy 789 00:56:43,920 --> 00:56:46,120 without a drop of blood being spilt. 790 00:56:47,320 --> 00:56:49,000 Within 18 months, 791 00:56:49,000 --> 00:56:53,320 Spain held its first democratic elections in 41 years. 792 00:57:00,280 --> 00:57:05,680 Today, democracy is established. Spanish society is diverse. 793 00:57:05,680 --> 00:57:11,160 Spain has offered citizenship to the descendants of Jews expelled in 1492. 794 00:57:13,160 --> 00:57:16,800 It was the third country in the world to allow same-sex marriages. 795 00:57:18,040 --> 00:57:22,480 Catholicism still has its place, yet no longer dominates the state. 796 00:57:24,600 --> 00:57:28,400 For many millennia, Spain has been the borderland, 797 00:57:28,400 --> 00:57:35,040 the crossroads, the battlefield of empires, faiths and peoples. 798 00:57:35,040 --> 00:57:39,480 Its extreme position at the edge of Europe has intensified 799 00:57:39,480 --> 00:57:45,480 the extremity of its rages, its furies, its conflicts. 800 00:57:45,480 --> 00:57:47,880 Carthaginians versus Romans, 801 00:57:47,880 --> 00:57:50,000 Muslims versus Christians, 802 00:57:50,000 --> 00:57:52,360 Catholics versus Protestants, 803 00:57:52,360 --> 00:57:55,360 fascists versus communists. 804 00:57:55,360 --> 00:57:59,000 Spain has always been, throughout history, 805 00:57:59,000 --> 00:58:04,560 the cauldron of civilisations, the furnace of faiths. 806 00:58:04,560 --> 00:58:08,240 Today, the scars of civil war are still raw. 807 00:58:09,400 --> 00:58:11,240 Juan Carlos abdicated. 808 00:58:11,240 --> 00:58:17,040 His son is now king and regionalism remains strong. 809 00:58:17,040 --> 00:58:21,400 Blood and gold, from the caliphate to the kingdom, 810 00:58:21,400 --> 00:58:25,240 this is the story of how Spain was made. 811 00:58:30,480 --> 00:58:35,040 If this story has inspired you and you'd like to find out more, 812 00:58:35,040 --> 00:58:37,760 go to the address given on-screen 813 00:58:37,760 --> 00:58:40,280 and follow the links to the Open University.